Hamiltonian

class gala.potential.hamiltonian.Hamiltonian

Bases: gala.potential.common.CommonBase

Represents a composition of a gravitational potential and a reference frame.

This class is used to integrate orbits and compute quantities when working in non-inertial reference frames. The input potential and frame objects must have the same dimensionality and the same unit system. If both the potential and the frame are implemented in C, numerical orbit integration will use the C-implemented integrators and will be fast (to check if your object is C-enabled, check the .c_enabled attribute).

Parameters:

potential : PotentialBase subclass

The gravitational potential.

frame : FrameBase subclass (optional)

The reference frame.

Attributes Summary

energy	Compute the energy (the value of the Hamiltonian) at the given phase-space position(s).
gradient	Compute the gradient of the Hamiltonian at the given phase-space position(s).
hessian	Compute the Hessian of the Hamiltonian at the given phase-space position(s).
integrate_orbit	Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided.
units

Attributes Documentation

energy

Compute the energy (the value of the Hamiltonian) at the given phase-space position(s).

Parameters:

w : PhaseSpacePosition, array_like

The phase-space position to compute the value of the Hamiltonian. If the input object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential class.

Returns:

H : Quantity

Energy per unit mass or value of the Hamiltonian. If the input phase-space position has shape w.shape, the output energy will have shape w.shape[1:].

gradient

Compute the gradient of the Hamiltonian at the given phase-space position(s).

Parameters:

w : PhaseSpacePosition, array_like

The phase-space position to compute the value of the Hamiltonian. If the input object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential class.

Returns:

TODO: this can’t return a quantity, because units are different dH/dq vs. dH/dp

grad : Quantity

The gradient of the potential. Will have the same shape as the input phase-space position, w.

hessian

Compute the Hessian of the Hamiltonian at the given phase-space position(s).

Parameters:

w : PhaseSpacePosition, array_like

The phase-space position to compute the value of the Hamiltonian. If the input object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential class.

Returns:

# TODO: see TODO about units about

hess : Quantity

The Hessian matrix of second derivatives of the potential. If the input position has shape w.shape, the output energy will have shape (w.shape[0],w.shape[0]) + w.shape[1:]. That is, an n_dim by n_dim array (matrix) for each position, where the dimensionality of phase-space is n_dim.

integrate_orbit

Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided. Uses same time specification as Integrator.run() – see the documentation for gala.integrate for more information.

Parameters:

w0 : PhaseSpacePosition, array_like

Initial conditions.

Integrator : Integrator (optional)

Integrator class to use. By default, uses LeapfrogIntegrator if the frame is static and DOPRI853Integrator else.

Integrator_kwargs : dict (optional)

Any extra keyword argumets to pass to the integrator class when initializing. Only works in non-Cython mode.

cython_if_possible : bool (optional)

If there is a Cython version of the integrator implemented, and the potential object has a C instance, using Cython will be much faster.

**time_spec

Specification of how long to integrate. See documentation for parse_time_specification.

Returns:

orbit : Orbit

units