# HarmonicOscillatorPotential#

class gala.potential.potential.HarmonicOscillatorPotential(omega, *, units=None, origin=None, R=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: PotentialBase

Represents an N-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

$\Phi = \frac{1}{2}\omega^2 x^2$
Parameters:
omeganumeric

Frequency.

unitsiterable(optional)

Unique list of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the length, mass, time, and angle units.

Attributes Summary

Methods Summary

 Call self as a function. acceleration(q[, t]) Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s). Transform the input cartesian position and velocity to action-angle coordinates the Harmonic Oscillator potential. circular_velocity(q[, t]) Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical. density(q[, t]) Compute the density value at the given position(s). energy(q[, t]) Compute the potential energy at the given position(s). gradient(q[, t]) Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s). hessian(q[, t]) Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s). integrate_orbit(*args, **kwargs) Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided. mass_enclosed(q[, t]) Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical. plot_contours(grid[, filled, ax, labels, ...]) Plot equipotentials contours. plot_density_contours(grid[, filled, ax, ...]) Plot density contours. plot_rotation_curve(R_grid[, ax, labels]) Plot the rotation curve or circular velocity curve for this potential on the input grid of cylindrical radii. replace_units(units[, copy]) Change the unit system of this potential. replicate(**kwargs) Return a copy of the potential instance with some parameter values changed. Save the potential to a text file. to_galpy_potential([ro, vo]) Convert a Gala potential to a Galpy potential instance Return a string LaTeX representation of this potential to_sympy(v, p) Return a representation of this potential class as a sympy expression total_energy(x, v) Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential. value(*args, **kwargs)

Attributes Documentation

ndim = 3#
omega = <PotentialParameter: omega [frequency]>#
units#

Methods Documentation

__call__(q)#

Call self as a function.

acceleration(q, t=0.0)#

Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters:
q

Position to compute the acceleration at.

Returns:
accQuantity

The acceleration. Will have the same shape as the input position array, q.

action_angle(w)[source]#

Transform the input cartesian position and velocity to action-angle coordinates the Harmonic Oscillator potential. This transformation is analytic and can be used as a “toy potential” in the Sanders & Binney 2014 formalism for computing action-angle coordinates in _any_ potential.

Adapted from Jason Sanders’ code genfunc.

Parameters:
w

The positions or orbit to compute the actions, angles, and frequencies at.

circular_velocity(q, t=0.0)#

Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical.

Parameters:
qarray_like, numeric

Position(s) to estimate the circular velocity.

Returns:
vcircQuantity

Circular velocity at the given position(s). If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape q.shape[1:].

density(q, t=0.0)#

Compute the density value at the given position(s).

Parameters:
q

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns:
densQuantity

The potential energy or value of the potential. If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape q.shape[1:].

energy(q, t=0.0)#

Compute the potential energy at the given position(s).

Parameters:
q

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns:
EQuantity

The potential energy per unit mass or value of the potential.

Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters:
q

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns:
gradQuantity

The gradient of the potential. Will have the same shape as the input position.

hessian(q, t=0.0)#

Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters:
q

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns:
hessQuantity

The Hessian matrix of second derivatives of the potential. If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape (q.shape[0],q.shape[0]) + q.shape[1:]. That is, an n_dim by n_dim array (matrix) for each position.

integrate_orbit(*args, **kwargs)#

Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided. Uses same time specification as Integrator.run() – see the documentation for gala.integrate for more information.

Parameters:
w0

Initial conditions.

IntegratorIntegrator (optional)

Integrator class to use.

Integrator_kwargsdict (optional)

Any extra keyword argumets to pass to the integrator class when initializing. Only works in non-Cython mode.

cython_if_possiblebool (optional)

If there is a Cython version of the integrator implemented, and the potential object has a C instance, using Cython will be much faster.

store_allbool (optional)

Controls whether to store the phase-space position at all intermediate timesteps. Set to False to store only the final values (i.e. the phase-space position(s) at the final timestep). Default is True.

**time_spec

Specification of how long to integrate. See documentation for parse_time_specification.

Returns:
orbitOrbit
mass_enclosed(q, t=0.0)#

Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical.

Parameters:
q

Position(s) to estimate the enclossed mass.

Returns:
mencQuantity

Mass enclosed at the given position(s). If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape q.shape[1:].

plot_contours(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)#

Plot equipotentials contours. Computes the potential energy on a grid (specified by the array grid).

Warning

Right now the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…

Parameters:
gridtuple

Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.

filledbool (optional)

Use contourf() instead of contour(). Default is True.

axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
labelsiterable (optional)

List of axis labels.

subplots_kwdict

kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.

kwargsdict

kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().

Returns:
figFigure
plot_density_contours(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)#

Plot density contours. Computes the density on a grid (specified by the array grid).

Warning

For now, the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…

Parameters:
gridtuple

Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.

filledbool (optional)

Use contourf() instead of contour(). Default is True.

axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
labelsiterable (optional)

List of axis labels.

subplots_kwdict

kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.

kwargsdict

kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().

Returns:
figFigure
plot_rotation_curve(R_grid, ax=None, labels=None, **plot_kwargs)#

Plot the rotation curve or circular velocity curve for this potential on the input grid of cylindrical radii.

Parameters:
R_gridarray_like

A grid of radius values to compute the rotation curve at. This should be a one-dimensional grid.

axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
labelsiterable (optional)

List of axis labels. Set to False to disable adding labels.

plot_kwargsdict

kwargs passed to plot().

Returns:
figFigure
axAxes
replace_units(units, copy=True)#

Change the unit system of this potential.

Parameters:
unitsUnitSystem

Set of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the length, mass, time, and angle units.

copybool (optional)

If True, returns a copy, if False, changes this object.

replicate(**kwargs)#

Return a copy of the potential instance with some parameter values changed. This always produces copies of any parameter arrays.

Parameters:
**kwargs

All other keyword arguments are used to overwrite parameter values when making the copy.

Returns:
replicantPotentialBase subclass instance

The replicated potential.

save(f)#

Save the potential to a text file. See save() for more information.

Parameters:
fstr, file_like

A filename or file-like object to write the input potential object to.

to_galpy_potential(ro=None, vo=None)#

Convert a Gala potential to a Galpy potential instance

Parameters:
roquantity-like (optional)
voquantity-like (optional)
classmethod to_latex()#

Return a string LaTeX representation of this potential

Returns:
latex_strstr

The latex expression as a Python string.

classmethod to_sympy(v, p)[source]#

Return a representation of this potential class as a sympy expression

Returns:
exprsympy expression
varsdict

A dictionary of sympy symbols used in the expression.

total_energy(x, v)#

Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential. Assumes the last axis of the input position / velocity is the dimension axis, e.g., for 100 points in 3-space, the arrays should have shape (100, 3).

Parameters:
xarray_like, numeric

Position.

varray_like, numeric

Velocity.

value(*args, **kwargs)#